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@joaopinheiro Sempre me perguntei isso também. Ainda mais recentemente, com tantos conflitos e guerras surgindo... fui dar uma pesquisada e achei esse artigo na Wikipedia, onde há uma explicação. Mas a parte mais interessante é a que fala sobre a controvérsia do veto:
The veto power is controversial. Supporters regard it as a promoter of international stability, a check against military interventions, and a critical safeguard against United States domination. Critics say that the veto is the most undemocratic element of the UN, as well as the main cause of inaction on war crimes and crimes against humanity, as it effectively prevents UN action against the permanent members and their allies.